What is the primary assertion of the “Mandate of Heaven” in Chinese history?

• A. Rulers are elected by the people
• B. Rulers are sanctioned by divine authority
• C. Rulers must be from a noble lineage
• D. Rulers should always seek popular approval

Answer: (B)

The concept of the "Mandate of Heaven" holds that rulers are granted the right to rule by a divine authority, which legitimizes their power and reign. This principle emerged during the Zhou Dynasty as a means to justify their overthrow of the Shang Dynasty, emphasizing that a ruler's legitimacy is derived not from heredity or popular support alone, but from a celestial decree that ensures they govern justly. If a ruler fails to meet the needs of the people or becomes corrupt, the Mandate of Heaven could be perceived as lost, leading to rebellion and the rise of a new ruler who can claim the mandate.

This belief reinforces the notion that the legitimacy of political authority is tied to moral governance. In essence, it constitutes a dynamic relationship between the heavens, the ruler, and the governed, compelling leaders to act in the interests of their people for continued divine support. The focus on divine approval rather than popular backing or noble lineage emphasizes the significant role that moral governance and divine sanction play in maintaining authority within the Chinese political philosophy.